Notes taken by Ernesto Igartua on the conference:
Genetic
diversity. The key for improving drought stress tolerance in crops
19th - 20th
November 2019, Berlin
Organized
by JKI, IPK
Nov 19th
Hermann Onko Aeikens. Secretary of State: interesting, launch of new Project (name?), to build wheat
ideotypes even for drought. 2M euros.
Wheat
initiative, based at JKI, example of successful networking
Marie Haga, Crop Diversity Trust
Food system
is in crisis. Controversial assertion. Enough food, too much waste,
distribution improvable.
Calculated:
2% reduction of agricultural yield per degree of temperature increase
Crop Trust
works to ensure conservation and availability of crop diversity worldwide,
forever. It is the organism handling the funding that comes from ITPGRFA. No
results so far! (last week in Rome). No understanding of the importance of the
functioning of the treaty. Could lead to bilateralization (she mentions Nagoya,
but positive or negative?), with terrible effects for breeding in the long
term.
Many
national genebanks at risk.Seeds4Resilience, 5 genebanks in Africa funded with
German money, Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia, Ghana, Nigeria. 11,5M and 8.5M euros for
long and short-term activities.
Svalbard,
backup, completely waterproof now!. 138k accessions shipped back to ICARDA
after war. They are starting to return them to the vault. Cost 34M USD, or an
endowment fund of 850M USD, to be independent of ups and downs of funding. IRRI is contributing large sum to hold their
136k accessions.
Online
portal Genesys. There are subsets for drought, to help mine the databases. FIGS
developed by ICARDA. Pre-breeding, 100 national and international partners in
43 countries, the “crop wild relative” project. First meeting in Morocco in
April 2019. Templeton World Charity Foundation is funding this for grasspea and
finger millet. There is one on barley.
They have 7
fellows working on impact studies about the use of germplasm.
Material in practice is not accessible (guy
from CORDEVA!)
Very little
understanding in general public about the importance of disappearance of PGR.
Pandas? Yes; Plants? meh!
Nils Stein. Genebank genomics
Genebanks
should not be museums. DivSeek-> unlock diversity in germplasm collections.
Still alive? Genebank genomics bridge
gap between museum and use for research
Paper of
Voss-Fels in Nature Plants. Effect of breeding, fertilizer, pesticide. Modern varieties
do better everywhere!
GBS of 22k
accessions (paper by Milner et al). Comparison with 1K barley core collection
(Knupfer and van Hintum). Quite good match, no big gaps. Other collections do
not represent barley space that well.
How do you
bring this info to the user? IPK Bridge portal. Searchable database.
Jochen Reif
is doing the same for wheat (9800 so far, goal 28k). G2P-Sol for solanaceae
also ongoing, tomato, pepper (IPK), potato, eggplant? Another project for Phaseolus
vulgaris (R, Papa coordinates).
Introduction
of concept of pangenome. Barley pangenome is starting, with several core
collections of different sizes, to sequence at various resolutions:
20-50-300-1000-22000 from presudolmolecules to GBS, going through Hi-C, and so
on. Very advanced project.
RGTPlanet
has a large inversion on 7H, in a recombining region.
Susanne Dreisigacker. Head of molecular
breeding program of wheat in CIMMYT
Use of
synthetic hexaploid wheat in breeding in CIMMYT. Triticum dicoccum by aegilops
tauschii, then by triticum aestivum (elite). 1524 synthetics developed so far
at CIMMYT. To bring new variation into wheat. Good examples of introduction of
new disease resistances into wheat. Also good source for improving Zn and Fe
content of wheat grain.
Synthetic
derivative lines are shown to improve drought tolerance. Traits: Deep root
biomass, larger amounts of small diameter roots in depth, root depth, water
extraction, ABA responsiveness, stomatal density and aperture pedigree e, etc.
Contribution
of tauschii genome (D)? Lines derived …17% come from tauschii. D tauschii
genome is rapidly reduced in 1-2 generations of crossing. From then on, it is
kept more than expected. No region favoured across the genome. About 20% of
CIMMYT international trials comes from derivatives of synthetics, with multiple
presences in pedigrees.
85
varieties released with synthetic pedigree (Carmona, first in Spain, and
another one in China).
But no corr
between traits in CWR and derived lines! More targeted introgression strategies
needed. They did systematic phenotyping of genetic resources and found that.
Low predictability in part due to genome alterations (methylations, etc, etc)
They are
now systematic phenotyping at the hexaploid SHW level to identify QTL carriers
at hexaploid level, and trace QTL after crossings. For more complex traits,
predict SHW x BW crosses.
Found at
least one QTL related to heat and drought tolerance.
Good
prediction ability when predicting wheat hybrids. Basnet et al 2019.
Routine
targeted introgression strategies needed.
Matthew
Reynolds, does not believe much in osmotic adjustment (OA) for breeding. They
use thermal imaging and water index (ratio of two freqs with hyperspectral
cameras). They have hope on spike photosynthesis, use sort of high throughput system
with spike shading (…rest of details described too fast)
Thomas Altmann. IPK, novel plant phenotyping
for drought tolerance
IPK, about
10 phenotyping platforms. Some with large capacities (>4000 small plants;
>1500 large plants).
Possible to
detect QTL phase-specific. Some effects only visible at specific moments!
O-localization of multiple omics QTL (transcriptome, metabolome, phenotype, in
the same samples) Knoch et al in preparation, QTL for plant height.
Wheat
drought and heat stress experiment, fluorescence imaging
Dodig et al
FIPS 2019, maize, drought and N stress. Time course QTL and correlations.
Scale of
work with Arabidopsis is phenomenal! RNAseq time course analysis during drought
and recovery experiments. Found gene networks operating. Erbe, Brautigan,
Junker, unpublished. Gene-to-phene network.
Upgrading
platforms for root phenotyping. Pots with one side transparent, transparent
only to red light? Root growth undisturbed be light. 400 pots. Shi, Seiler et
al 2018 Functional Plant Biology, Shi et al in preparation. Shoot and root
imaged at the same time!! B73 drought, lots of root growth in the first cm. Peat
based soil, really dark (graveyard soil), to improve contrast in images. See
also Narisetti et al Sci. Rep. 2019
IPK, new
Plant Cultivation Hall. Rhizotron, Phenocranes, lots of rhizoboxes for shoot
and root phenotyping.
EMPHASIS ON: Phenotyping in defined/designed
and relevant environments
Excellent systems to test results coming from
models!!!
Menachem Moshelion. HUJI. Risk management
strategies and transpiration rates of wild barley in uncertain environments
Gosa et la
2019, Plant Science, yield-survivability trade-off.
Defines
critic delta as the level of soil water content beyond which water is not
accessible for the plant. There is genetic variability for that..
Plant
Ditech lysimeters, soil probes and air probes for each lysimeter, irrigation
also controlled individually. Possibility to prepare separated irrigation
solutions for each lysimeter.
Measured:
plant biomass gain, transpiration, WUE, stomatal conductance (canopy
conductance), root fluxes (how much water is taken from the soil by the plant,
identifies critical drought point per plant. The SPAC analysis software online.
Correlation
with yield? Tomato, D. Zamir, field trials and lysimeter experiment. 105 traits
between field and greenhouse, stomatal conductance, cumulative transpiration
Best corrs
not from drought period, but from recovery period.
Galkin et
al 2018, Physiol Plant. Fridman’s 1K wild barley. 5 accessions chosen to
represent the population. From 5 different ecological niches. Main difference between
envs is number of days between 2 rains.
Relates
variance of environments of collection with stability of physiological
responses measured at the lysimeter. Two most anysohidric behaviour from North
and South, high and low rain, but very stable in terms of time between 2
rains!!!!
Kerstin Neumann. IPK. Precision phenotyping,
drought QTL barley and wheat collections
IPK part of
DPPN, EPPN, EMPHASIS
520 pots, 1
plant per pot, to full growth for barley or wheat.
Dhanagond
et al 2019****, barley article(s), 100 2row accessions, 9k chip. 100 entries, 3
reps (in three experiments at three diff dates), very diverse collection in
terms of origins.
Pre-stress,
then 27 to 45 days at 10& plant available water, then recovery. GWAS over
time. Neumann et al BMC PB 2017 (visto)
Dependence
of wilting time in barley from initial biomass at drought start!!!! The larger,
the earlier. In wheat, same, less pronounced.
Results of
project BRIWECS, wheat, interesting, time course GWAS, many traits recorded.135
varieties for GWAS, 15k SNPs. Tested in the field, 5 locations. Published.
Correlations greenhouse-field. High corr PH, tiller number, inflection point
reasonable corrs. With grain yield. Many corrs with year of rerelease, in
similar directions for field and greenhouse. All tillering components increased in modern cultivars.
They are
also studying isolines for drought tol, with a QTL introgressed from emmer
(collab with Saranga) QTL from Merchuk-Ovnak 2016
Conclusion:
Landraces might harbour more diversity for drought tolerance!!!
Hermann Lotze-Campen. Potsdam Institute for
Climate Impact Research
Involved in
AGMIP.
Sustainable
development goals.
Developed
model MAgPIE, food, demand, trade, production, crop, land, residues, etc….
including technological change and costs. Dietrich et al 2019. Goals: minimize
global production costs. Output: climate-induced agricultural price changes by
2050 (climate extremes not included). 10 to 35% increase in agricultural prices
by 2050 in the reference scenario.. Translate ten into cost of food, for 2
scenarios for the World Bank. Biult an agricultural vulnerability indicator, to
indicate hotspots in hgh risk of hunger.
IPCC SRCCL
Fig SPM2, find! (climate change increases pressure on land systems)
What can be
done to limit production losses? ->technology, including plant breeding;
shift expansion of agricultural land. One conclusion, keeping investment in
research absolutely needed.
Agriculture
produces 24% GHG. Reduction must be a part of global mitigation!
Dramatic
land demand for land based reduction…..
Nov 20th
Roberto Tuberosa
Durum
wheat.
Maccaferri
et al 2019, durum genome. Pop structure of tetraploid wheats.
Global
durum wheat panel, 1056 accessions. Also tetraploid wheat global collection
1856 accessions. 286 in common.
Unibo GWAS
panel 189 cultivars with only 3-5 days variation in flowering date. Phenotyped
in IDuWUE, 14 environments. Maccaferri et al 2011, 14, JXBot. New data coming,
for up to 35 envs, from a new project.
Collection
field tested in Lemnatec field analyser in Arizona, Maricopa. (Terra project,
Danforth foundation). 2 years severe drought, 1 year mild stress. Traits
measured: chlorophyll fluorescence, NDVI, infrared thermography (also with
drones and phenomobiles). RWC (rehydration method Babu et al 1988), OA, at day
14 of stress, etc. r=0.78 between active OA and RWC. Several QTL found, some in
common OA and RWC, some also for biomass. No yield data due to early harvest,
April, to leave room for sorghum crop. Samples collected for RNAseq and
metabolites. Big-big data, difficult to manage. Haplotype analysis ongoing
UAV
platforms better quality data than ground. Rehydration method good for high
throughput for OA. 6 people sampling, pre-dawn.
Tribute to
A. Blum, PlantStress still managed by Saranga.
Roots. Good
corr between shovelomics and root angle in seedlings. 2 QTL have effect on
yield in a large set of environments!
Experiment
in Julich, they found QTL, how large was the population? Haplotype effect for
main QTL studied. CIMMYT materials stop root growth earlier. Another QTL,
larger leaf area in CIMMYT materials. He shows haplotype distribution across
germplasm groups. Effect of one of the QTL in field results, large GxE
interaction related to productivity.
Work goes
ahead in Rooty project, candidate search and QTL backcross to elite materials.
Shuki Saranga
Ancestral
QTL from wild emmer wheat to enhance drought resistance of modern wheat.
T turgidum
diccocoides, wild wheat (AABB), brittle, hulled. Wild emmer.
Collection
from the wild, from North Israel., 55 x 150 km. But huge environmental
variation.
168
accessions, 2 treatments, rain shelter. 250mm vs 700 mm. Sort of polytunnel,
plastic vault, to protect from rain. Peleg et al 2005. Peleg et al 2008, study
of 10 individuals per population. Half of the variation was between, half
within populations, for spike dry matter, same for genetic diversity SSR. Found
six genetic clusters of populations, divided NOT by geographical distance.
There were differences for total rainfall. Peleg et al 2008, allelic diversity
related to aridity gradient, with largest variation in intermediate aridity.
Extremes less diverse. Typical in Ecology, also more richness of species in
intermediate environments. Correlates with that Menachem was saying yesterday.
Populations from intermediate sites experience more interyear variation in
terms of aridity. Pops identified as best drought resistance sources came mostly
from intermediate areas. Driven by how you define drought and its boundaries.
Populations from arid places are too drought adapted.
How to
harness that for crop improvement. QTL from GWAS? Peleg 2009. Rolling index,
carbom discrimination, chlorophyll content, osmotic potential at heading,
constitutive and inductive QTL found. 6 regions found interesting for
introgression via MAS, tog et NILs.
Results in
Merchuk et al 2016. Several NILs for different QTL. GY enhanced in 3 of them,
confirming constitutive or inductive nature, by effect in WW or water limited
envs. They found differences in rooting (pictures by students). Now being
studied in long plastic sleeves in the greenhouse, 1m depth. More roots in
depth under water limitation for the NIL, in DW and length!!! Also agronomic
trials, 2014-17. About 10% higher yield by the NIL than original cultivar.
Almost significant in a second NIL. Overall, 6,6% advantage. But it is 4.5%
under better conditions, 9.8% under lesser productivity.
Fine
mapping of these materials ongoing, 15kchip. Segmental RILs produced.
Phenotyping under controlled conditions, not so clear. Ongoing work.
Klaus Pillen. Uni Halle
HEB-25
Merchuk-Ovnat
et al 2018, JXBot.
HEB-yield
study with 48 lines, segregating for Vrn1, Vrn3, denso, Ppd1. Control vs stress
trials at each location (N, drought or salt). Correlation between yield and
flowering vary according to location and stress or control. Wiegmann et al 2019
Sci Rep.
Maria von Korff. Uni Dusseldorf. Inflorescence
development and floret fertility under drought in barley
Nice slide
comparing Arabidopsis and barley approaches! What is drought stress tolerance?
Nice
conceptual layout.
She said
over dinner that Australian genotypes were very successful in coping with
drought!!
Escape (finish
before stress), avoidance (maintain homeostasis), tolerance (minimize damage),
hierarchical manner.
Arta vs
Keel (only 2 genotypes, she says she feels embarrassed!). Stress at heading
date (drought 50%) and heat stress. RWC, fluorescence, leaf temperature.
Treatments, drought, heat and combination. Large diffs in biomass, not in RWC
and temperature. Also in phot. Performance, only affected by heat. GY equally
reduced by drought and heat. spike number reduced by drought, grain weight more
affected by heat. The way yield was reduced was different. Drought avoidance is really strong in barley.
Mapping pop
Arta Keel tested in 13 envs in Syria. Flowering times affect spike and plant
architecture. Rollins et al 2013. GY in VrnH2!! Is it because of drought
escape, more important than avoidance in the field? AP2, EPS7L included among
QTLs, also VRn1, Ppd1, Ft1, etc.
PPD1
gly->trp change, delayed expression of FT1. PPD1 from wild introgressed in
Scarlett, also in Bowman and Golden Promise. 3 very diff backgrounds.
Drought
stress treatment to isolines. Long drought and short drought, until end of
cycle. Will show results only from long treatment and Scarlett. Maintenance of
RWC in the leaves, over 80, very constant. Drought avoidance at play. Flag leaf
cell size and number reduced under stress in both lines, Scarlett and
introgressed. PPD1 interacts with drought to control flowering. 10 days delay
in Scarlett under drought. No delay in isoline!!! Also seen at time course for
Waddington stage. Reproductive development starts from very early, earlier than
W2.5, invisible from outside, and it matters. PPD1 interacts with drought to
control seed number, huge reduction in Scarlett under drought!!, and seeds per
plant. Cross over interaction depending on treatment. Introg. line produces
less seeds per plant under control, and more under drought. Qualitative
interaction. Striking pictures!!! Seeds not formed or not developed in Scarlett.
Drought
reduces meristem size. PPD1 controls trait canalization??
It controls that traits do not change much under stress, time to flower, seeds
per spike. It maintains trait expression across environments, conditions.
Gene
expression. Time course. PPD1 does not change much. FT1 much higher expression
in NIL than in Scarlett. BM3, BM8, MADS box genes, also expressed much more in
NIL.
COCL:
barley adjusts growth by drought avoidance. Biomass and developmental stage have major influence on
drought effect
Control RWC
rather than field capacity in the soil!!!
Barley delays
reprod development under drought. No or little escape.
PPD1
interacts with drought to control floral development, spikelet number and seed
set-canalization gene.
PPD1 and
drought dependent expression of MADSbox genes correlate with diff response to
drought in PPD1 variants.
Differential
investment into vegetative and reproductive drought ????
Question:
PPD1 may affect hormone levels, not just auxin (question by Bartels).
Question
Andreas: PPD1 effect on root? Maria responds, How much root reflects shoot? FT1
has strongest expression in the roots, in parallel with shoots. What is it
doing there?
Gerd Patrick Bienert. Improving drought
tolerance by increasing nutrient efficiency
“Metalloid
transport group”
B fertilization
increases drought tolerance, in diff crops. New Phytol 2019, two contrasting
papers with two differing views!!!
Only known
function of B is cell wall, but Bo deficiency reduces shoot and root growth and
fertility.
Water
limitation impairs B acquisition and delays flowering.
Bo
deficiency also affects root development, deorganizes vascular system. Good B
nutrition ensures vigorous root system and healthy vasculature.
They found
a commercial soil substrate with low B to do experiments. 600 brassica napus
cvs screened (winter and spring).. A few B tolerant plants found. Roots also
studied, in vertical agar? Large diffs between inefficient and efficient cvs.
Pop made
between contrasting lines, 255 doubled haploid lines. Identification of shoot
and root B efficiency traits, with Altmann, pots with one side transparent. 396
rhizopots. Analysis ongoing.
Work also
ongoing in Arabidopsis. 188 genotypes screened, and contrasting genotypes
found.
Ionome
traits also determined, at a single point. Cytokinin hypersensitive 1 (CKH1)
modulates B efficiency in Arab. Encodes a transcription initiation factor.
Gemayel et al 2015 Mol Cell. Variable length of polyglutamine repeats within
exons actually affects function of gene.
N could be
the same as B (Tyerman et al 2017, plant aquaporins)
Dorothea Bartels
Dessication
tolerance in vegetative tissues on angiosperm plants evolved through gene
duplications and network rewiring
Resurrection
plants. Oropetium thomaeum (monocot from India) and Craterostigma plantagineum
(dicot). They both keep chlorophyll during dessication.
During
dehydration, huge changes in all metabolites. High sucrose, high stress
proteins (stress proteins, many LEA).
Oropetium,
smallest genome among grasses (250 Mb), diploid 2n=18, small, 6 cm. Good gene
synteny with sorghum, still fair with brachy, bbut almost 10 times more compact
in the segment she uses as example. In all, two flod reduction compared to
brachy. 28440 genes, 43% repeats, 30% DNA contain evenly spaced unique
sequences. Recently duplicated genes are enriched for stress responsive genes.
Seed specific pathways expressed in vegetative tissues.
Also work
with L brevidens, dessication tolerant, tetraploid (Craterostigma is octoploid,
too complicated to sequence).
Two
examples of abundantly expressed genes in tissues, LEA and ELIP (early light
induced proteins, are in thylakoid membranes, possibly protecting chlorophyll
by binding to it), described in barley!! ELIP genes overrepresented in
dessication tolerant plants!!! Also, in L brevidens, very abundantly expressed.
Regulatory
neofunctionalization of LEA family genes…..
Present
architecture of promoters, selective activity of promoter elements found for LEA
genes, diff between dessication tolerant and nontolerant species
Seed
related pathways expressed in vegetative tissues, source of dessication
tolerance.
Matthew Reynolds. Key physiological traits for
strategic crossing in breeding wheat for drought adaptation
Wheat
megaenvironments: many different in Spain! Also in Turkey, with some more
similar to Russia.
Physiological
pre-breeding pipeline.
Genetic
resources-Phenotyping (HTP, also precision phenotyping)-Genetic analysis (QTL,
MAS, genetic complexity)- crossing and selection (introgress them in
appropriate background)-evaluation of genetic gains—informatics-crop design
Which
traits? Same conceptual model as Roberto. Spike photosynthesis; remobilisation
of CH, photo-protection (wax); canopy T as proxy for rooting depth. BUT,
massive GxE, also GxG present, not well understood yet.
70000 wheat
accessions screened for drought in Sonora 2011-13. Several panels derived from
there. Synthetic panel (140). Primary synthetics produce a lot of biomass, but
they are not as good in partitioning, HI. Also bread wheat panel (344).
HTP in not
just about tools. You need panels which are fixed for major environmental
genes. Breeder friendly tolls needed! Eye-> low resolution stereoscopic
spectral radiometer and supercomputer. Canopy temperature is useful. Soil water
extraction in depth has increased with breeding in wheat! Lopes et al
2010.-> yield under drought is correlated with root weight at 60-120 cm, but
canopy temperature is even more related. It is a proxy for root depth. Small
buggies built for several sensors.
Pinto et al
2010, QTL found for heat and drought adaptation.
GWS for
bread wheat and synthetics, you get different QTLs.
Spike phot,
Molero unpublished. QTLs found, field phenotyping
Crossing:
Basis for source x sink strategy crossing. Interesting scheme in form of a
pyramid, which simpler traits affect other traits higher in hierarchy.
Strategic crossing combining sevreal of these traits.
Peter Langridge
Long
history of breeding for wheat and barley. Lots of diversity incorportated. We
must understand what is already achieved, maybe some traits are already almost
fixed, and should be less prioritized, like flowering and plant height. They
have been taken care already.
Drought is
a very complex feature. Australia, 1 t/ha needed to break even. Frost, wind,
heat, frost, UV, drought, pests, diseases, nutrient deficiencies and
toxicities, salinity, sodicity, alkalinity, all limiting factors-
Now, with
commercial breeding, trget environments are larger than they used to be. Also,
more concern about performance under abnormal conditions.
Targeting
specific components of the stress environment. Example of B tolerance. Genes
found in wheat and barley. In barley, tolerant varieties combine two
mechanisms, Sutton et al TIPS 2011. Both mechanisms are optimized in tolerants.
Nice story about origin of Bo tolerance genes in Pallotta et al 2014 Nature. ….
Trade-offs.
Negative relation yield and protein. National data. ENvs divided into Chenu
classification. GY-GPC …. Unpublished. Also Ranimi-Eiche et al Afronomy 2019.
Breeders have traded yield for protetin. Can the negative relation GY-GPC be
broken? Maybe, if breeders select under strees and low N. ***
Limitations
in using variation. Uses of unadapted germplasm. Beyond serendipity and
opportunism, Screen for simple traits, clear phenotype, FIGS. Identify
variation for complex traits is difficult. Linkage drag, 60-80% of each
chromosome rarely recombines (if ever).
Reference
germplasm collection in bread wheat, survey of potential users…..
Australia:
CRISPr, simple knockouts will not be regulated!!!!
Braun:
happy to do editing if we knew what to edit (not knock out, real editing)
Heike Lehnert
Genetic
diversity in wheat regarding mycorrhization of roots.
Menciona
dos artículos
20% carbohidrates
fixed by plant go to fungi and other microorganisms in the rhizosphere!!
Hans-Joachim Braun
Wheat most
important source of protein in most countries in the world. Wheat only major
crop with good frost tolerance, difficult to substitute.
Good
communication in wheat between private and public sectors.
Investment
in wheat works because of royalties.
Gives
examples of returns of investment on wheat research.
Data
published by Wheat Initiative
Gray et al
2019 1stIWC Saskatoon. Comments on royalties. Search!
Australia
best example. They pay after harvest, based on harvest. Canada, farmers happy
to pay more royalties if money goes to public centers!!!
CENEB,
CIMMYT, principal breeding site for yield, heat and drought. Centro
Experimental Norman E Borlaug. .
Global
Precision Phenotyping Network, platforms hosted at NARs where environments are
optimal for trait phenotyping.
Kenia,
600000 accessions tested for UG99, wheat, rye, barley
Wheat blast
appeared in Bangladesh in 2015, before only in Latin America. Fungicide
resistant race. Pre-emptive screen done in Bolivia in 2010. Allowed rapid
response.
Long
history of research collaboration, must be maintained. Royalties are fine, but
do not go beyond that.
Agriculture,
problem or opportunity. 24% GHG emissions, but 50% employment, 5% global GDP,
30% if whole food system is considered, but only 5% of global RD investment.
Agriculture is big business!!
Informationisbeautifulnet
graph, search, cannabis, wheat… invest in poppy!
Food
processing companies do not invest in RD agriculture. They want to stay away
from “biotechnology”. Also, value chain for millers start at receiving the
grain, not at sowing!! We are not in the picture!!!
Stephen Visscher. Global Institute for Food
Security, Saskatoon, Canada
Biology
does not have all the answers. It is quite new organization. Harness crop
genetic diversity, mechanisms and example. DivSeek.
Established
in 2012, funded largely by private companies. Focus not only on discovery, but
also on delivery.
Research p
pillars: seed and developmental biology, root-soil microbial interaction,
phenotyping and genomics
International
collaboration: grand challenges need different approach….Complexity need
coordination and program management….
IWYP, new
model for funding and conducting coordinated international research program.
Public and private partners, Wheat initiative included. Research focus on
several issues. Buscar esquema por si sirve de inspiración para España. Projects
funded all over the world. All
results had to be routed through the hub at CIMMYT, to compare and combine
synergies. Allows release to worldwide breeding programs. Enables IWYP to drive
discoveries towards market.
DivSeek
(Susan McCouch). White paper in 2014 by Marie Haga. Aim at facilitating
networking of like-minded mind…..Spain still not there, creo
Digital AG:
tools to enhance plant breeding. Recruiting….
Earth
Biogenome Project. A Grand Challenge, a moonshot for Biology.
Darwin Tree
Life, Welcome Trust now sequencing of all UK species!!!
DivSeek
Canadian not for profit organization, DivSeek International Network Inc, 68
organization, 28 countries. Showcase best practices for generation, curation,
….integration of data about PGR.Encourage linking of digital info. Support
human resource development. Contribute scientific perspective on PGR….
Spain