These are my notes on the first day of the 1st Spanish Simposium on Physiology & Cereal Breeding:
AM Casas
Cereals are the most critical elements of food
security, and future gains will be mostly genetic, as agriculture must be made
more sustainable and less dependent on fertilizers and resources. She
acknowledges main organizer Gustavo Slafer, who unexpectedly could not attend
today.
Octavi Quintana, PRIMA foundation
PRIMA (http://www.prima4med.org) is a private foundation funded by
19 countries around the Mediterranean with long-term goals related to farming
structure, water provision and food chain value, avoiding research
fragmentation, aiming at projects with budget > 1M€ and supporting critical mass. They have a budget for funding calls in the next 6 years, with an
emphasis on innovation and solving taxpayer problems. At least 1N & 1S
non-European country must be involved in every proposals. Current stage 1
success rate of the 2018 call is 8%.
Ernesto Igartua, EEAD-CSIC
Talks about winter and spring cultivars, and
their responses to T and daylength. Vernalization is the period of exposure to
low T, which is essential for normal flowering of winters. Spring alleles are
usually dominant. The divide between winter and spring is a
simplification. Neolithic cereals were
exported from the Fertile Crescent to W Europe in two routes: i) continental;
ii) Mediterranean basin.
Redundancy analysis of Spanish barley landraces
and a collection of agroclimatic variables suggests that 1st
temperature and 2nd waterfall/water balance explain most of the
genotypic variance. Sorting of barley landraces matches different allelic
combinations in flowering/vernalization genes (Vrn1, Ppdh1, Ppdh2), which actually
cover a continuous gradient of vernalization and have an effect on yield.
Helga Ochagavia, Univ. Lleida
She talks about field experiments on bread
wheat earliness, looking at three developmental phases. By comparing to
published results, produced in the UK, she concludes that there is interaction
between the genes underlying her loci and temperature. She describes results
published at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429017305099.
Rubén Vicente, IRNASA-CSIC
Talks about plant responses to elevated [CO2]
and cites durum wheat results from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28827159. The used a gradient of 330 to
700ppm inside a glass house and perform a RNAseq experiment on flag leafs (http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/flag_leaf_emergence_in_winter_wheat). They use MapMan to map DE genes
to metabolism (http://mapman.gabipd.org/es/mapmanstore). They observe that sugar
metabolism is enhanced but at the cost of reducing N and C compounds. They also
see a decrease on photosynthesis with elevated T.
Pilar Testillano, CIB-CSIC
Talks about stress-induced embryogenesis and
double-haploids. In barley cold is an inducer, and they have reported that
autophagy is triggered in those conditions. She mentions a recently published
article (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29309624), where they check that the use of
autophagy inhibitors and demethylating compounds improves embryogenesis in
barley.
Priyanka Basavaraddi, Univ. Lleida
She present her PhD work on the study of
fine-grain Earliness Per Se (EPS) genes in wheat adaptation. She is doing field
experiments in last and current season in Lleida.
Arantxa Monteagudo, EEAD-CSIC
She presents her PhD results on the effect of
light quality on barley. She observes that development of plants grown with metal halide bulbs
is faster when compared to plants grown under standard incandescence bulbs.
Alejandro Pérez de Luque, IFAPA
Talks about plant symbiosis with microbial,
particularly mycorrhiza and rhizobia, with recently published results (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16697-4). He describes two wheat genotypes
(Mercato, Avalon) which have a significantly different mycorrzhizal/rhizobia
colonization competence and mentions that up to 20% of phtosynthates are exuded
into the rhizosphere by the plant.
Bruno Contreras Moreira, EEAD-CSIC & ARAID
I talked about our recent work on the
exploration of the pan-genome of Brachypodium distachyon and barley, with
results from these papers:
Thorsten Schnurbusch, IPK-Germany
His keynote is about enhancing the yield potential
of wheat by exploring spikelet architecture and grain number. Mentions that
previous work (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-3131-2_10)
has shown that in development of spike the number of spikelets is fixed, so it
must be that floret fertility accounts for differences in grain number. However,
they only find weak association between grain yield potential and grain number.
He shows data suggesting that detillering does not increase grain number at
harvest (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26157170).
Yet another recent paper studied the effect of ovary size of distal florets (F4
and beyond) on grain yield (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25821074).
He shows unpublished data on wheat lines with variable floret fertility (up to
6 florets per spikelet) and a QTL on chr 2A containing newly annotated gene GNI1,
likely a floret inhibitor. His historical data shows that this gene has been
selected for since 2000 in Germany. He shows data showing a 10-30% grain yield
increase in field experiments. However, a strong source capacity is required to
fill the gained grains.
These talks were followed by a round of flash poster summaries. Here's Carlos P Cantalapiedra talking about K-mer analysis of exome capture mapped reads in barley: https://github.com/eead-csic-compbio/kmeleon
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