9 de abril de 2018

notes on 1st Spanish Simposium on Physiology & Cereal Breeding (I)


These are my notes on  the first day of the 1st Spanish Simposium on Physiology & Cereal Breeding:

AM Casas
Cereals are the most critical elements of food security, and future gains will be mostly genetic, as agriculture must be made more sustainable and less dependent on fertilizers and resources. She acknowledges main organizer Gustavo Slafer, who unexpectedly could not attend today.

Octavi Quintana, PRIMA foundation
PRIMA (http://www.prima4med.org) is a private foundation funded by 19 countries around the Mediterranean with long-term goals related to farming structure, water provision and food chain value, avoiding research fragmentation, aiming at projects with budget > 1M€ and supporting critical mass. They have a budget for funding calls in the next 6 years, with an emphasis on innovation and solving taxpayer problems. At least 1N & 1S non-European country must be involved in every proposals. Current stage 1 success rate of the 2018 call is 8%.

Ernesto Igartua, EEAD-CSIC
Talks about winter and spring cultivars, and their responses to T and daylength. Vernalization is the period of exposure to low T, which is essential for normal flowering of winters. Spring alleles are usually dominant. The divide between winter and spring is a simplification.  Neolithic cereals were exported from the Fertile Crescent to W Europe in two routes: i) continental; ii) Mediterranean basin.
Redundancy analysis of Spanish barley landraces and a collection of agroclimatic variables suggests that 1st temperature and 2nd waterfall/water balance explain most of the genotypic variance. Sorting of barley landraces matches different allelic combinations in flowering/vernalization genes (Vrn1, Ppdh1, Ppdh2), which actually cover a continuous gradient of vernalization and have an effect on yield.

Helga Ochagavia, Univ. Lleida
She talks about field experiments on bread wheat earliness, looking at three developmental phases. By comparing to published results, produced in the UK, she concludes that there is interaction between the genes underlying her loci and temperature. She describes results published at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429017305099.

Rubén Vicente, IRNASA-CSIC
Talks about plant responses to elevated [CO2] and cites durum wheat results from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28827159. The used a gradient of 330 to 700ppm inside a glass house and perform a RNAseq experiment on flag leafs (http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/flag_leaf_emergence_in_winter_wheat). They use MapMan to map DE genes to metabolism (http://mapman.gabipd.org/es/mapmanstore). They observe that sugar metabolism is enhanced but at the cost of reducing N and C compounds. They also see a decrease on photosynthesis with elevated T.

Pilar Testillano, CIB-CSIC
Talks about stress-induced embryogenesis and double-haploids. In barley cold is an inducer, and they have reported that autophagy is triggered in those conditions. She mentions a recently published article (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29309624), where they check that the use of autophagy inhibitors and demethylating compounds improves embryogenesis in barley.

Priyanka Basavaraddi, Univ. Lleida
She present her PhD work on the study of fine-grain Earliness Per Se (EPS) genes in wheat adaptation. She is doing field experiments in last and current season in Lleida.

Arantxa Monteagudo, EEAD-CSIC
She presents her PhD results on the effect of light quality on barley. She observes that development of plants grown with metal halide bulbs is faster when compared to plants grown under standard incandescence bulbs.

Alejandro Pérez de Luque, IFAPA
Talks about plant symbiosis with microbial, particularly mycorrhiza and rhizobia, with recently published results (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16697-4). He describes two wheat genotypes (Mercato, Avalon) which have a significantly different mycorrzhizal/rhizobia colonization competence and mentions that up to 20% of phtosynthates are exuded into the rhizosphere by the plant.


Bruno Contreras Moreira, EEAD-CSIC & ARAID
I talked about our recent work on the exploration of the pan-genome of Brachypodium distachyon and barley, with results from these papers: 

Thorsten Schnurbusch, IPK-Germany
His keynote is about enhancing the yield potential of wheat by exploring spikelet architecture and grain number. Mentions that previous work (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-3131-2_10) has shown that in development of spike the number of spikelets is fixed, so it must be that floret fertility accounts for differences in grain number. However, they only find weak association between grain yield potential and grain number. He shows data suggesting that detillering does not increase grain number at harvest (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26157170). Yet another recent paper studied the effect of ovary size of distal florets (F4 and beyond) on grain yield (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25821074). He shows unpublished data on wheat lines with variable floret fertility (up to 6 florets per spikelet) and a QTL on chr 2A containing newly annotated gene GNI1, likely a floret inhibitor. His historical data shows that this gene has been selected for since 2000 in Germany. He shows data showing a 10-30% grain yield increase in field experiments. However, a strong source capacity is required to fill the gained grains.

These talks were followed by a round of flash poster summaries. Here's Carlos P Cantalapiedra talking about K-mer analysis of exome capture mapped reads in barley: https://github.com/eead-csic-compbio/kmeleon





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